An internet shutdown occurs when authorities deliberately restrict internet and electronic communication in a specific area or for specific people. This may include slowing speeds or blocking platforms.
When Can the Government Suspend Internet?
Under Section 20(2)(b) of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, authorities may suspend services to protect public safety or address emergencies. Orders must state the area, time, and reason clearly. Authorities at the national level, like the Home Secretary, or at state levels, may issue orders, while joint secretaries can confirm during emergencies within 24 hours. The law does not allow using protests alone as a justification.
Legal Framework Governing Shutdowns
Earlier, the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, Section 5(2), and the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services Rules, 2017, governed shutdowns. These have been replaced by the Telecommunications Act, 2023, and Temporary Suspension Rules, 2024. Courts, including High Court and Supreme Court, can challenge these orders.
Impact During CJP Protest in Delhi
On 20 July, several areas of Central Delhi experienced shutdowns during the CJP protest near Parliament. Authorities also used signal jammers, which disrupted video uploads and live streams. Protesters faced significant difficulties documenting events and sharing updates due to these measures.
India’s Record on Internet Shutdowns
According to Access Now’s 2025 report, India issued 65 internet shutdowns across 12 states and union territories, slightly lower than 2024. Frequent shutdowns in a democratic country raise questions about proportionality and accountability.
Conclusion
The CJP protest illustrates challenges in balancing public safety with communication rights. Authorities must ensure shutdowns follow legal protocols, clearly communicate the reasons, and limit disruption.
